| 释义 | cram-
the vb. or n. in combination.
1. [cf. cram v. 2, n. 1.] cram-cake, † (a) ? fried cake, pancake; (b) = cram n. 1 (dial.); † cram-maid, ? a woman who crams or fattens fowls, a poultry-woman; † cram-paste, ? = cram-cake.
1382Wyclif Ex. xxix. 2 Therf cramcakes wett with oyle [1388 therf paast sodun in watir, bawmed, ether fried, with oile]. c1450Alphita (Anecd. Oxon.) 137 Placente sunt panes facti azima per quoddam artificium..angl. Cram⁓pastes. 1483Cath. Angl. 80/1 Cram kake, collirida, laganum. 1622Althorp MS. in Simpkinson Washingtons p. xxxi, To the Cram maide. 1634Ibid. xiii, 4 Woodden platters for the cramaid. 1888Sheffield Gloss. Addit., Cram cake, a cake made of oatmeal or other coarse meal for feeding fowls.
2. [cf. cram v. 6, n. 4.] cram-book, a book used for ‘cramming’ a subject; cram-boy (nonce-wd.), a boy who has been ‘crammed’ for an examination; cram-coach, a tutor who ‘crams’ pupils for an examination; cram-man (nonce-wd.), cf. cram-boy above; cram-paper, a paper of items to be ‘crammed’ for an examination; cram-shop, a school run by a crammer (sense 2). (All colloq.)
1858Sat. Rev. 14 Aug. 150 Cramming, crammers, and cram-books, are the..fruits of this examination system..A cram-man is worthless enough..But a cram-boy is simply made less healthy and more conceited. 1883E. R. Lankester Advancemt. Science (1890) 116 The drudgery of..popular lecturing and cram-book writing. 1885M. Pattison Mem. 292 The successful cram-coach. 1888Daily News 29 June 5/1 Partially to abolish the cram-creating system of payment by results. 1926Contemp. Rev. Nov. 614 The school becomes that unholy thing, a cram-shop. 1946J. Cary Moonlight 242 The young man..made Ella promise to play [the piano] with him every afternoon when he could escape from what he called his cram-shop.
▸ cram school n. a private institution specializing in preparing students for examinations; (in later use) spec. such an institution in East Asia (esp. Japan) or serving students of East Asian (esp. Japanese) descent; cf. juku n., crammer n. 2b.
1868Times 14 Dec. 8/6 The naval authorities in issuing the lists of successful competitors for naval cadetships ticket those who come from the *cram schools at Portsmouth and Southsea. 1960N.Y. Times Mag. 5 June 21/4 In Japan, there are ‘cram schools’ which are designed to prepare students for college entrance exams. And there are waiting lines for the cram schools. 1999South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) 14 Oct. 17/3 Suddenly, at the end of an educational rainbow built of cram schools and scant social life for teens, people [in Japan] have discovered there may not be a job at all. |
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