| 释义 | paradigm|ˈpærədɪm, -daɪm|
Also 7 -digme.
[a. F. paradigme, ad. L. paradīgma, a. Gr. παράδειγµα pattern, example, f. παραδεικνύ-ναι to exhibit beside, show side by side. Formerly also in L. form.]
1. a. A pattern, exemplar, example.
1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 208/1 We now haue none enterpretour of the parablys ne paradygmes. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. B j, Giue me a paradigme or example, of a deliberatiue kinde of epistle. 1669Gale Crt. Gentiles i. iii. iii. 45 The Universe..was made exactly conformable to its Paradigme, or universal Exemplar. 1752J. Gill Trinity v. 91 The archetype, paradigm, exemplar, and idea, according to which all things were made. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 133 Socrates makes one more attempt to defend the Platonic ideas by representing them as paradigms.
b. attrib., as paradigm case, a case or instance to be regarded as representative or typical.
1955J. L. Austin How to do Things with Words (1962) xi. 132 We were content to refer to ‘statements’ as the typical or paradigm case. 1962Listener 4 Oct. 516/1 Plato's morality is supported and underlined by his theory of Forms, according to which mathematics is the paradigm case of knowledge. 1965Mod. Law Rev. XXVIII. 509 The paradigm case at first instance—the core situation—appears to absorb so much attention that little concern is expended on the appeal process. 1974Jrnl. Philos. LXXI. 337 Nagel employs a fairly standard ‘paradigm case argument’ in his analysis. 1977Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XXII. i. 13 A paradigm case is Anderson's description of Breton vowel lowering.
†2. Rhet. (In L. form.) See quot. Obs.
1586A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1625) 100 Paradigma, a manner of exhorting or with-drawing by example, as to say..‘the nature of the Dolphin is not to suffer the yong one of her kinde to straggle vndefenced’. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xix. (Arb.) 252 margin, Paradigma, or a resemblance by example.
3. a. An example or pattern of the inflexion of a noun, verb, or other inflected part of speech.
1599Minsheu Span. Gram. 20 Now it remaineth to giue a Paradigma or example of euery Coniugation of their Moodes. 1698Wallis in Phil. Trans. XX. 358 It will be convenient..to Write him out a full Paradigm of some one Verb. 1859Max Müller Sc. Lang. (1861) 81 Paradigms of regular and irregular nouns and verbs. 1892Davidson Hebr. Gram. 72 Skeleton paradigm of the regular verb.
b. transf. and fig.
1929C. Day Lewis Transitional Poem ii. 25, I would be pædagogue—hear poplar, lime And oak recite the seasons' paradigm. 1964Listener 6 Aug. 200/2 If one uses the word ‘paradigm’ as Wittgenstein himself used it, to denote a logical or conceptual structure serving us as a form of thought within a given area of experience. 1966A. F. Parker-Rhodes in Automatic Transl. of Lang. (NATO Summer School, Venice, 1962) 173 The concept of paradigm thus enables us to approach the problem of mathematizing the process of syntactic description with greatly enhanced resources. 1970Eng. Stud. LI. 18 Although Ohmann determines objective criteria to state the similarity (and at the same time the dissimilarity), there still remains a whole paradigm of related structures out of which the author has to choose the particular alternative(s) to match the marked term with. Ibid. 46 But, of course, for her Edwardian family life is a convenient paradigm of civilisation as a whole. 1973C. Sagan Cosmic Connection (1974) xxiii. 155 There is a generation of men and women for whom..the Moon was the paradigm of the unattainable. 1973Times Lit. Suppl. 2 Mar. 238/4 The unfolding of terror and duplicity which follows is easily seen as a paradigm of the suppression of Dubček's liberalizing administration. 1973Nature 6 July 59/3 The use of induced epilepsy as an ‘interfering technique’ in the study of learning and memory paradigms. 1975Language LI. 1009 The publication of Chomsky's Syntactic structures provided a new paradigm for linguistics. 1976T. Eagleton Crit. & Ideology i. 19 In the drive for order, proportion and propriety, the demand for socially cohesive categories of Nature and Reason,..history once again selects criticism as both paradigm and instrument of such a project. 1976Language LII. 286 As for the periods in between the quantum leaps, Kuhn contends that each period of normal science in the development of a scientific discipline corresponds to one and only one methodological framework or paradigm. In a nut⁓shell, paradigms are ‘universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners’. 1976F. Zweig New Acquisitive Society ii. x. 132 The television set..is the paradigm of consumer culture, with its disarming passivity prone to desires divorced from action. |
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